LATERAL CAUDAL AXIAL PATTERN FLAP

Axial pattern flaps are pedicle grafts which incorporate a direct cutaneous artery and vein at their base. The dual lateral caudal arteries are the direct cutaneous artery for the lateral caudal axial pattern flap. The direct cutaneous artery and vein extend along the length of the flap for a variable distance and the terminal branches supply the subdermal, cutaneous, and subpapillary plexuses. The lateral caudal axial pattern flap is indicated for reconstruction of wounds of the caudodorsal trunk.

In a 2015 study investigating the outcome of axial pattern flaps in 49 dogs and 24 cats, postoperative complications were reported in 89% of animals. The most common complications included dehiscence (50% of axial pattern flaps in dogs and 75% of axial pattern flaps in cats), flap swelling (43% of axial pattern flaps in dogs and 50% of axial pattern flaps in cats), necrosis (46% of axial pattern flaps in dogs and 15% of axial pattern flaps in cats), infection (27% of axial pattern flaps in dogs and 40% of axial pattern flaps in cats), non-infectious discharge (14% of axial pattern flaps in dogs and 45% of axial pattern flaps in cats), and seroma (23% of axial pattern flaps in dogs and 20% of axial pattern flaps in cats). While the complication rate associated with axial pattern flaps is high, all of these complications were managed with either simple revisions (e.g., debridement and resuture) or conservatively (e.g., antibiotics, bandages, or monitoring). Overall, 93% of wounds were successfully reconstructed with an axial pattern flap. The flap outcome was assessed as excellent in 23%, good in 41%, fair in 30%, and poor in 7% of animals. The outcome following reconstruction using a caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap was not specifically stated in this study. In a 2015 study of 13 dogs, complications included wound dehiscence in four dogs and mild necrosis of the distal flap in two dogs. The lateral caudal axial pattern flap has also been successfully reported in two cats in a 2009 case report. The mean area of survival of lateral caudal axial pattern flaps in dogs was 78.0% in a 2005 experimental study.

Case 1 - Tail Base Soft Tissue Sarcoma